LESSON 20 LAWYERS AT WORK

—правовые дела/вопросы

—кто официально получил квалифика-

TERMS AND EXPRESSIONS legal affairs \ legal matters J who has become officially qualified

to qualify attorney

public prosecutor banister

цию для работы, кто стал официально пригодным для работы...

выступать в высших судах) —соллиситор; стряпчий; юрисконсульт —обсуждать дело —право выступать в суде solicitor

to argue a case

the right to be heard \

the right of audience J

client

to practice as to come before a court

to handle legal work

to draw up a will

litigation

courtroom

to make investigation to prepare documents range of work to prepare defenses for libel matter

to libel

to specialize in stockbroker

to prepare/draw up a contract share transactions —клиент; заказчик —практиковать; заниматься —проходить в суде, через суд/предстать

перед судом —рассматривать/разбирать правовые

вопросы —составлять завещание —тяжба; судебный спор —зал судебного заседания —проводить рас следование/изучать —готовить документы —диапазон работы —готовить защиту для... —дело, содержащее пасквиль (клевету

через печать) —навешивать кому-либо ярлык —специализироваться в/по... —биржевой маклер —составлять контракт —сделки с акциями 147

legal profession

whose lives are not so secure

welfare rights

fee-paying clients to subsidize ['sjvbsidaizj

lawyers involved in human lights

Amnesty International

legal services

to be entitled to

to face criminal prosecution

government-funded

про

фессия юриста /адвоката; адвокатское сословие

жиз

ни которых не столь обеспечены/ безопасны

прав

о на благотворительность, на пособие, на благополучие

—клие

нты,

выплач

ивающ

ие

гонора Р

—субс

идировать -

юристы, участвующие в борьбе за

гражданские права -

организация "Международная амнис

тия" -

представление законных услуг —иметь право на...

—предстать перед судом по уголовному

обвинению —субсидируемый правительством —Совет по оказанию правовой помощи INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES

Н Рекомендуется для устного перевода

(перевод с повторением предыдущего предложения, можно использовать записи): 1.

In most countries, once a lawyer is fully qualified he receives a certificate proving his right to sell his services. 2.

There are also insurance provisions so that if a lawyer is ever successfully sued by a client for professional incompetence there will be funds available to enable him to pay damages. 3.

Those damages may be extremely large in the case of lawyers dealing with prop erty transactions. 4.

Even if a lawyer is very competent, he must take care not to break the many rules Отредактировал и опубликовал на сайте : PRESSI ( HERSON ) of procedure and ethics set by the body which regulates his profession. 5.

In England, the body regulating the conduct of solicitor is the law Society. 6.

Among other things, it sets rules for lawyers' accounting procedures and investi gates complaints against lawyers by their clients. 7.

There is also a Solicitor's Disciplinary Tribunal with the power to suspend or even disqualify (or strike off) a solicitor. 8.

Since its members are themselves solicitors some people fear that it may not be completely impartial (беспристрастный)

148 . . ҐІ Переведите текст устно на слух

(может быть использован для абзацно-фразового перевода. Дайте определение слову "Legalese"}:

Legalese

Although lawyers come from a variety of backgrounds and do a variety of work, as a profession they often appear rather remote and difficult to understand. Perhaps one reason for this is legalese — the strange and incomprehensible language so many lawyers seem to write and speak. This is not just a feature" of English-speaking lawyers. People afi over the world complain that they cannot understand court proceedings or legal documents.

Of course ah professions have their own jargon. The use of some special words can be justified because they refer to matters which are important to a particular profession but not important to most people in everyday life. But sometimes it seems that jargon is a way of creating a. mystery about a profession of distinguishing people on the inside (economist, doctors, teachers) from those on the outside.

In recent times lawyers have made efforts to make their profession less mysterious. After all, their job is supposed to be to clarify matters for the public, not to make them more complicated! This is particularly so in the United States where lawyers openly advertise their services to the public and where special clothes and wigs, still a feature of the English system, have mostly disappeared. But it seems likely that legalese will survive for a long time to come. One reason for this is that old documents and reports of old cases have great importance in law, particularly in common law systems. Another reason is that rewriting laws is a slow and painstaking process. The words must try to cover every eventuality, because people are always looking for a legal loophole, a way of avoiding a legal duty by making use of an ambiguity or an omission in law. Consequently if there is an existing law which has worked for a long time, even a law which contains old language in long and complex sentences, it is easier to retain the old law than write a new one. Even when a government draws щ a new law it is often guided by the working of an older law.

jargon ['djaigsn] - жаргон, непонятный язык

eventuality [i.ventju'aelitij — возможный случай,

возможность, случайность

loophole — зд. лазейка, увертка

^ Переведите текст на русский язык (рекомендуется

для зрительно—устного и зрительно-письменного перевода);

Lawyers at Work Professional Titles

Although many kinds of people working in or studying legal affairs are referred to as lawyers, the wcrd really describes a person who has become officially qualified to асі

in certain legal matters because of examinations he has taken and professional expe- rience he has gained. Most countries have different groups of lawyers who each take a particular kind of examination in order to qualify to do particular jobs. In Japan, a lawyer must decide whether he wants to take the examination to become an attorney, a public prosecutor, or a judge, In England, the decision is between becoming a barrister or a solicitor. Barristers specialize in arguing cases in front of a judge and have the right to be heard, the right of audience, even in the highest courts. They are not paid directly by clients, but are employed by solicitors. Judges are usually chosen from the most senior barristers, and once appointed they cannot continue to practice as barristers. Solicitors do much of the initial preparation for cases which they then hand to barristers, as well as handling legal work which does not come before a court, such as drawing up wills, and dealing with litigation which is settled out of court. Solicitors also have a right of audience in lower courts, but in higher courts, such as the Court of Appeal, they must have a barrister argue their client's case. In general, it can be said that barrister spends more of his time either in a courtroom or preparing his arguments for the court and a solicitor spends most of his time in an office giving advice to clients, making investigations and preparing documents.

Many people believe the distinction between barristers and solicitors should be eliminated in England, as has already happened in Australia.

Even lawyers with the same qualifications and professional title may be doing very different kinds of work. Most towns in the United States, for example, have small firms of attorneys who are in daily contact with ordinary people, giving advice and acting on matters such as consumer affairs, traffic accident disputes and contracts for the sale of land. Some may also prepare defences for clients accused of crimes.

However, in both the United States and other industrialized countries, lawyers are becoming more and more specialized. Working in small firms, lawyers now tend to restrict themselves to certain kinds of work, and lawyers working in large law firms or employed in the law department of a large commercial enterprise work on highly specific areas of law. One lawyer may be employed by a mining company just to prepare contracts for the supply of coal. Another may work for a newspaper advising the editors on libel matters, Another may be part of a Wall Street firm of over a hundred lawyers who specialize in advising stockbrokers on share transactions.

As well as the type of work, the working conditions and pay among members of the legal profession also vary greatly. For some people, the image of a lawyer is someone who leads a very wealthy and comfortable life. However, it should not be forgotten that there are also lawyers whose lives are not so secure. The Wall Street attorney probably earns a high salary, but the small firm giving advice to members of the public on welfare rights or immigration procedures may have to restrict salaries in order to stay in business.

There are lawyers in developing countries whose business with fee-paying clients subsidizes the work they agree to do for little or no payment for citizens' rights groups. Lawyers involved in human rights may even find their profession is a dangerous one. Amnesty International research shows that more than 60 lawyers

150-

investigating cases against people accused of political crimes were murdered in 1990.

In countries where the government ensures that all people have access to a lawyer in an emergency, there are firms that specialize in dealing with people who would not be able to pay for legal services out of their own pocket. For example, in England anyone facing criminal prosecution is entitled to choose a firm of lawyers to represent him. If his income is below a certain level he will not be asked to pay: the firm will keep a record of its costs and will apply to the government-funded Legal Aid Board for payment.

Переведите вопросы н тексту и ответьте на них: 1.

Who can be officially qualified to act as a lawyer? 2.

Какие существуют различия в специализации юристов в Японии и в

Англии? 3.

What is the difference between a barrister and a solicitor? 4.

Из какой группы юристы выбирают судей в Англии? 5.

What do solicitors do in everyday life? 6.

В каких судах солиситоры могут участвовать в судебных процессах? 7.

What do many people believe in connection with the distinction between barris ters and solicitors in England? 8.

Почему юристы становятся все больше и больше "специализированными"? 9.

In what way are the lawyers becoming more and more specialized? 10.

Существует ли разница в рабочих условиях и в оплате юристов? 11.

Profession of what lawyers is considered to be a dangerous one?

12 Кто оплачивает юридические услуги людям, которые не могут за них упла тить?

COMMENTARY

Иногда переводчику приходится участвовать в радиообмене: на борту самолета или корабля, в зоне действия миссии или службы и т, д.

От переводчика может зависеть жизнь людей и работоспособность техники.

Если возникает такая необходимость связи борта самолета или корабля с ведущей наземной радиостанцией, запрос осуществляется следующим образом: запрашивается ведущая станция и дается свой почьтинпй. например:

L

—Nicosia Control this is tango uniform three eight over; —TU three eight this is Nicosia Control go ahead; - Nicosia Control three eight flight level three zero thousand feet

позывной TU-38; прием;

эшелон (полета); расчетное время прибытия в..,

Echo Tango Alfa Nicosia at zero three one five. Over; — Three eight Nicosia. Report over Bravo, Out; - Roger thank you. Out. TU Over

flight level Echo lango Alfa (estimated lime of arrival) Roger —

Report over Bravo

— ясно, понятно;

доложите пролет точки В ~ конец связи. Буквенные обозначения обычно передаются установленным

фонетическим алфавитом: A -Alfa N _ November В - Bravo 0 — Oscar С - Charlie p ~ Papa D - Delta Q - Quebec E Ecno R - Romeo F - Foxtrot s - Sierra G ~ Golf T - Tango H - Hotel и - Uniform I - India У - Victor J - JuJiett w - Whiskey к -Kilo X - X-ray L Uma Y - Yankee M - Mike і - zuiu Числа передаются отдельными знаками, в числах с десятичными знаками передается слово "запятая" ("decimal", а не "comma").

Во многих организациях, использующих радиообмен существуют инструкции по радиобмену, с которыми можно ознакомиться в случае необходимости. t*J

_Переведите письменно на слух: Message for Inspector Snow The Interpol delegation consisting of 4 officers is arriving at your location next Thursday, Please, arrange meeting and accommodation.

Personnel Officer

Stark КЗ Переведите устно (рекомендуется для перевода с листа):

Practising Lawyer

In the English legal system a practising lawyer must hold one of two professional qualifications; s/he must either have been admitted to practise as a solicitor or have been called to the Bar as a barrister. This division of the legal profession is of long standing and each branch has its own characteristic functions as well as a separate governing body and professional rales.

The barrister is usually thought of primarily as an advocate, since this is the work in which s/he is most often engaged. Until 1990, s/he had the virtually exclusive right of audience as an advocate before all the superior courts, and s/he can also appear in the inferior courts. When acting professionally, barristers are known as "counsel". In total there were, in 1991, 6, 901 banisters in practice, a number which is just about small enough to make this branch of the profession a closely-knit unit. This point is significant, bearing in mind that the senior judges in the English legal system have; until now, been drawn exclusively from the ranks of experienced counsel.

Переведите на слух в быстром темпе:

Indictment, судебный пристав, law of tort, государственный обвинитель, to make investigation, судебное разбирательство, to make a formal accusation, безусловное поручительство, conditional bail, рассматривать апелляции, misdemeanour, сделка, legal obligation, бесплатная юридическая помощь, civil procedure, школа подготовки барристеров, right of audience, менять решение, to advise clients, уголовные и гражданские вопросы, in 1986, в следующем году, on Thursdays, May 20, 15-го октября, last week, правомочность.

Fjl Переведите предложения на английский язык: 1.

Его брат будет барристером, если сдаст соответствующие экзамены. 2.

Как называется юрист, который выступает в суде от имени ответчика, ист

ца или обвинения? 3.

Кто из юристов консультирует клиентов и готовит дела к слушанию? 4.

Если бы Вы тогда обратились в суд. Вы бы выиграли дело, а сейчас уже

слишком поздно. Вы потеряли много времени. 5.

Если вина ответчика будет доказана, его посадят в тюрьму на пять лет.

О Переведите текст на английский язык (рекомендуется

для зрительно-устного н зрительно-письменного перевода):